How to find the current value for a PostgreSQL sequence

SELECT last_value FROM myschema.mysequence;

or

SELECT nextval('myschema.mysequence');

Note: nextval() advances the sequence — use last_value if you just want to inspect without side effects.

How to find triggers in a PostgreSQL schema

Execute the SQL below as a user with ownership to the schema. To verify that you have schema privileges, execute:

SELECT has_schema_privilege('myuser', 'myschema', 'USAGE');

If the reply is

has_schema_privilege
----------------------
 t

You can login

psql -h localhost -d mydb -U myuser

and execute

\x
Expanded display is on.

SELECT
    'TRIGGER' AS object_type,
    t.tgname AS trigger_name,
    n.nspname AS schema_name,
    c.relname AS table_name,

    -- Decode tgenabled letters
    CASE t.tgenabled
        WHEN 'O' THEN 'ENABLE'
        WHEN 'A' THEN 'ENABLE ALWAYS'
        WHEN 'R' THEN 'ENABLE REPLICA'
        WHEN 'D' THEN 'DISABLED'
        ELSE t.tgenabled
    END AS enabled_state,

    -- Trigger timing from tgtype
    CASE
        WHEN (t.tgtype & 2)  <> 0 THEN 'BEFORE'
        WHEN (t.tgtype & 64) <> 0 THEN 'INSTEAD OF'
        ELSE 'AFTER'
    END AS timing,

    -- Events
    (SELECT string_agg(event, ', ')
     FROM (
            SELECT unnest(
                ARRAY[
                    CASE WHEN (t.tgtype & 4)  <> 0 THEN 'INSERT'   END,
                    CASE WHEN (t.tgtype & 8)  <> 0 THEN 'DELETE'   END,
                    CASE WHEN (t.tgtype & 16) <> 0 THEN 'UPDATE'   END,
                    CASE WHEN (t.tgtype & 32) <> 0 THEN 'TRUNCATE' END
                ]
            ) AS event
        ) ev
    ) AS events,

    pron.nspname || '.' || p.proname AS trigger_function

FROM pg_trigger t
JOIN pg_class c        ON c.oid = t.tgrelid
JOIN pg_namespace n    ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
JOIN pg_proc p         ON p.oid = t.tgfoid
JOIN pg_namespace pron ON pron.oid = p.pronamespace

WHERE n.nspname = current_schema()
  AND NOT t.tgisinternal
  AND t.tgconstraint = 0
  AND c.relkind <> 'p'
ORDER BY trigger_name;

Which will list your triggers:

-[ RECORD 1 ]----+------------------------------------------------------------------
object_type      | TRIGGER
trigger_name     | mytrg1
schema_name      | myschema
table_name       | mytable1
enabled_state    | E
timing           | BEFORE
events           | UPDATE
trigger_function | myschema.trigger_fct_upd_mytable1
-[ RECORD 2 ]----+------------------------------------------------------------------
object_type      | TRIGGER
trigger_name     | mytrg2
schema_name      | myschema
table_name       | mytable2
enabled_state    | E
timing           | AFTER
events           | DELETE
trigger_function | myschema.trg_close_fct

Useful query against v$archived_log in recovery situations

SELECT thread#,
         COUNT(*)                        AS cnt,
         MIN(sequence#)                  AS min_seq,
         MAX(sequence#)                  AS max_seq,
         MIN(first_time)                 AS min_time,
         MAX(next_time)                  AS max_time
  FROM   v$archived_log
  WHERE  deleted = 'NO'
  GROUP  BY thread#
  ORDER  BY thread#;

   THREAD#    CNT    MIN_SEQ    MAX_SEQ               MIN_TIME               MAX_TIME
__________ ______ __________ __________ ______________________ ______________________
         1     80       7936       8015 2026-02-16 15:38:02    2026-02-18 14:15:42

Dropping an audit policy for a specific user

You have the following audit policy:

CREATE AUDIT POLICY monitor_sys_everything
  ACTIONS ALL;

AUDIT POLICY monitor_sys_everything BY SYS;

I wanted to drop the auditing policy:

SQL> noaudit policy monitor_sys_everything;

Noaudit succeeded.

SQL> drop audit policy monitor_Sys_everything;
drop audit policy monitor_Sys_everything
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-46361: Audit policy cannot be dropped as it is currently enabled.

Reason:

The policy is enabled for a specific user. The "noaudit" statement used above will disable it for everyone.

Solution:

Disable it for the specific user:

SQL> NOAUDIT POLICY monitor_sys_everything BY SYS;

It can now be dropped:

drop audit policy monitor_sys_everything;

Compression for Postgres tables

In PostgreSQL you don’t create a “compressed table” in the Oracle sense. Rather, compression is achieved per-column compression via TOAST, plus (if desirable) a few extension/filesystem tricks.

Postgres compresses large variable-length columns using TOAST:

text, varchar, bytea, jsonb, xml, numeric, etc.

TOAST will be applied when a row is too big to fit in an 8kB page; large values are stored in a separate TOAST table, optionally compressed.

There is no built-in heap/row compression for normal fixed-width columns (e.g. integer, bigint) in vanilla Postgres.

From PostgreSQL 14 onward you can choose compression algorithm per column: pglz (classic) or lz4 (faster, generally preferred).

Here is how I did it in my test environment:

First, ensure your PostgreSQL server was compiled with LZ4 support (use pg_config --configure and look for --with-lz4)

pg_config --configure | grep lz4

It will show you a long list of options that was used when PostgreSQL was built. Look for '--with-lz4'

Set compression globally:

show default_toast_compression;
 default_toast_compression
---------------------------
 pglz
(1 row)

postgres=# ALTER SYSTEM SET default_toast_compression = 'lz4';
ALTER SYSTEM
postgres=# SELECT pg_reload_conf();
 pg_reload_conf
----------------
 t
(1 row)

postgres=# show default_toast_compression;
 default_toast_compression
---------------------------
 lz4

Optional: default to LZ4 for this session

  SET default_toast_compression = 'lz4';

Yet another option is to set LZ4 for a specific database:

 ALTER DATABASE mydb SET default_toast_compression = 'lz4';

Create the table:

CREATE TABLE app_logs (
    log_id      bigserial PRIMARY KEY,
    log_time    timestamptz NOT NULL,
    level       text        NOT NULL,
    message     text        COMPRESSION lz4,
    details     jsonb       COMPRESSION lz4
);

Note:

COMPRESSION lz4 / COMPRESSION pglz is a column option.

Only matters for TOAST-able types; it won’t change anything for integer, date, etc.

Compression only happens when the row gets large enough for TOAST to kick in (roughly when row > ~2kB).

You can switch existing columns to LZ4 (or back to pglz):

 ALTER TABLE app_logs
    ALTER COLUMN message SET COMPRESSION lz4,
    ALTER COLUMN details SET COMPRESSION lz4;

 

Note that an ALTER TABLE only changes the future TOAST entries. To actually recompress existing rows you need to cause a rewrite. Common options:

-- 1) Table rewrite (heavy, but clean)
ALTER TABLE app_logs SET (toast_tuple_target = 2040);  -- optional tweak
VACUUM FULL app_logs;

-- or 2) Cluster on some index (also rewrites)
CLUSTER app_logs USING app_logs_pkey;
ANALYZE app_logs;

Any bulk rewrite (incl. CREATE TABLE AS ..., INSERT INTO new SELECT ... FROM old) will store new TOAST values using the new compression method.

Check that the table is using column compression for TOAST values:

-- Main table vs TOAST table sizes
SELECT
    relname,
    pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size(oid))          AS heap_size,
    pg_size_pretty(pg_total_relation_size(oid))    AS total_with_indexes_toast
FROM pg_class
WHERE relname IN ('app_logs2','app_logs3','app_logs4');

-- Look at TOAST table directly
SELECT
    c1.relname       AS main_table,
    c2.relname       AS toast_table,
    pg_size_pretty(pg_total_relation_size(c2.oid)) AS toast_total
FROM pg_class c1
JOIN pg_class c2 ON c1.reltoastrelid = c2.oid
WHERE c1.relname IN ('app_logs2','app_logs3','app_logs4');

In a simple test, I created three tables with three different compression directives and created one long value that would make sure it was TOASTED:

CREATE TABLE app_logs2 (
    log_id      bigserial PRIMARY KEY,
    log_time    timestamptz NOT NULL,
    level       text        NOT NULL,
    message     text,
    details     jsonb
);

CREATE TABLE app_logs3 (
    log_id      bigserial PRIMARY KEY,
    log_time    timestamptz NOT NULL,
    level       text        NOT NULL,
    message     text        COMPRESSION lz4,
    details     jsonb       COMPRESSION lz4
);

CREATE TABLE app_logs4 (
    log_id      bigserial PRIMARY KEY,
    log_time    timestamptz NOT NULL,
    level       text        NOT NULL,
    message     text        COMPRESSION pglz,
    details     jsonb       COMPRESSION pglz
);

INSERT INTO app_logs2 (log_time, level, message, details)
VALUES (
    now(),
    'INFO',
    repeat('x', 100000),                -- make it large enough to be TOASTed
    jsonb_build_object('k', repeat('y', 100000))
);

INSERT INTO app_logs3 (log_time, level, message, details)
VALUES (
    now(),
    'INFO',
    repeat('x', 100000),                -- make it large enough to be TOASTed
    jsonb_build_object('k', repeat('y', 100000))
);

INSERT INTO app_logs4 (log_time, level, message, details)
VALUES (
    now(),
    'INFO',
    repeat('x', 100000),                -- make it large enough to be TOASTed
    jsonb_build_object('k', repeat('y', 100000))
);

As expected, the app_logs2 defaulted to lz4 (set globally):

SELECT
    relname,
    pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size(oid))          AS heap_size,
    pg_size_pretty(pg_total_relation_size(oid))    AS total_with_indexes_toast
FROM pg_class
WHERE relname IN ('app_logs2','app_logs3','app_logs4');

-- Look at TOAST table directly
SELECT
    c1.relname       AS main_table,
    c2.relname       AS toast_table,
    pg_size_pretty(pg_total_relation_size(c2.oid)) AS toast_total
FROM pg_class c1
JOIN pg_class c2 ON c1.reltoastrelid = c2.oid
WHERE c1.relname IN ('app_logs2','app_logs3','app_logs4');

 relname  | heap_size  | total_with_indexes_toast
-----------+------------+--------------------------
 app_logs2 | 8192 bytes | 32 kB
 app_logs3 | 8192 bytes | 32 kB
 app_logs4 | 8192 bytes | 48 kB
(3 rows)

 main_table |   toast_table    | toast_total
------------+------------------+-------------
 app_logs2  | pg_toast_2510179 | 8192 bytes
 app_logs3  | pg_toast_2510188 | 8192 bytes
 app_logs4  | pg_toast_2510197 | 24 kB
(3 rows)

Remember, per-column compression via default_toast_compression doesn not show up in \d+ unless it was explicitly set in the column definition.

So even if table app_logs2 uses compression for TOASTable columns, it does not reveal this fact when being described:

CREATE TABLE app_logs2 (
    log_id      bigserial PRIMARY KEY,
    log_time    timestamptz NOT NULL,
    level       text        NOT NULL,
    message     text,
    details     jsonb
);

 \d+ app_logs2
                                                                 Table "myschema.app_logs2"
  Column  |           Type           | Collation | Nullable |                  Default                  | Storage  | Compression | Stats target | Description
----------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+-------------+--------------+-------------
 log_id   | bigint                   |           | not null | nextval('app_logs2_log_id_seq'::regclass) | plain    |             |              |
 log_time | timestamp with time zone |           | not null |                                           | plain    |             |              |
 level    | text                     |           | not null |                                           | extended |             |              |
 message  | text                     |           |          |                                           | extended |             |              |
 details  | jsonb                    |           |          |                                           | extended |             |              |
 

How to detach an ORACLE_HOME to an existing inventory

I want to detach an existing oracle_home from my inventory.

Note that the last argument must be the full path to the oracle software, NOT the oracle name found in the inventory:

./runInstaller -silent -detachHome ORACLE_HOME="/sw/oracle/product/19c29"
Starting Oracle Universal Installer...

Checking swap space: must be greater than 500 MB.   Actual 6143 MB    Passed
The inventory pointer is located at /etc/oraInst.loc
You can find the log of this install session at:
 /home/oracle/oraInventory/logs/DetachHome2026-01-25_12-51-17PM.log
'DetachHome' was successful.

How to unload rows in an Oracle database to disk using sqlcl

In sqlcl, execute these lines to unload SCOTT.EMP to disk:

set arraysize 200
set load batch_rows 200
UNLOAD TABLE SCOTT.EMP DIR /datadisk1/export

Do not use semicolon after the end of the command!