Find column semantics

When migrating from single-byte code to multi-byte code character sets, one way to move your data without data loss is to change the semantics used. In other words, VARCHAR2 and CHAR type columns can be redefined to use character semantics instead of the default byte semantics.

A schema-by-schema overview of the tables and column involved can be extracted by using the query below:

select owner "owner",
                CASE 
                    WHEN char_used = 'B' then 'BYTE'
                    WHEN char_used = 'C' then 'CHAR'
                END "semantics"
,count(*) "antall"
from dba_tab_columns
where owner in ('SCOTT','RYAN')
and data_Type in ('CHAR','VARCHAR2')
group by OWNER, ROLLUP(char_used);

owner	semantics	antall
SCOTT	BYTE	62
SCOTT	CHAR	610
SCOTT		672
RYAN	BYTE	486
RYAN		486

In this example, the SCOTT schema contains columns of both semantics types.
The schema RYAN contains only the default, BYTE.

Use the dbms_flashback to set your session back in time

A convenient way to set your session back in time, is to execute the dbms_flashback.enable_at_time procedure.
This way you can work with your data as they were at a previous point-in-time, given that your UNDO settings support it.

Oracle states

"The DBMS_FLASHBACK package acts as a time machine: you can turn back the clock, perform normal queries as if you were at that earlier time, and then return to the present. Because you can use the DBMS_FLASHBACK package to perform queries on past data without special clauses such as AS OF or VERSIONS BETWEEN, you can reuse existing PL/SQL code to query the database at earlier times."



A simple test of the procedure follows.

First, the user would need execute privileges on the package in which enable_at_time belongs, the dbms_flashback package:

connect sys/passwd as sysdba
grant execute on dbms_flashback to scott;

SQL>connect scott/passwd 
SQL>select album_id,album_title,artist_id from album where artist_id=10;

  ALBUM_ID ALBUM_TITLE                                         ARTIST_ID
---------- -------------------------------------------------- ----------
        10 Joshua tree                                                10
        11 Achtung Baby                                               10
        12 Zooropa                                                    10

SQL>

Make a change:

SQL> insert into album (album_id, album_title,artist_id) values(200,'Whiplash Smile', 10);

1 row created.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL> select album_id,album_title,artist_id from album where artist_id=10;

  ALBUM_ID ALBUM_TITLE                                         ARTIST_ID
---------- -------------------------------------------------- ----------
       200 Whiplash Smile                                             10
        10 Joshua tree                                                10
        11 Achtung Baby                                               10
        12 Zooropa                                                    10

To see the content of the table album as it was 5 minutes ago:

SQL> execute dbms_flashback.enable_at_time(sysdate-5/1440);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> select album_id,album_title,artist_id from album where artist_id=10;

  ALBUM_ID ALBUM_TITLE                                         ARTIST_ID
---------- -------------------------------------------------- ----------
        10 Joshua tree                                                10
        11 Achtung Baby                                               10
        12 Zooropa                                                    10

Disable the flashback setting:

SQL> execute dbms_flashback.disable();

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

If you want to use flashback queries against other schemas' tables, you need object privileges to do so:

grant flashback on scott.album to jim;

Alternatively, you can grant jim the system privilege flashback any table:

connect / as sysdba
grant flashback any table to jim;

Sources: Oracle Documentation This document from Oracle Support

Missing trailing slash in listener.ora caused ORA-27101 when attempting to connect

Not too long ago, I got an error when connecting to my database using TOAD:

ORA-01034: ORACLE not available
ORA-27101: shared memory realm does not exist
IBM AIX RISC System/6000 Error: 2: No such file or directory

However, when connecting to the same database with sqlplus from the command line from a remote client, I could connect without errors.


Doc ID 1296982.1 "DVCA receives ORA-01034, ORA-27101" pointed me in the right direction:


"The value of ORACLE_HOME (or ORACLE_SID) passed to the DVCA utility does not match the value of ORACLE_HOME (or ORACLE_SID) that was in effect when the instance was started.

The shared memory segment key for an Oracle instance uses a hashed value based on the contents of ORACLE_HOME and ORACLE_SID. So, if one or the other of these values does not match what was used to start the instance, the resulting hash will not match, and one will encounter "ORA-27101: shared memory realm does not exist" when trying to connect to the instance.

This can commonly be caused by the presence (or lack thereof) of trailing slashes in the string for ORACLE_HOME, as passed to the -oh parameter of DVCA."

I changed my listener.ora file to read as follows:

SID_LIST_LISTENER =
  (SID_LIST =
    (SID_DESC =
      (GLOBAL_DBNAME = mydb)
      (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/oracle/product/11204 )
      (SID_NAME = mydb)
    )
  )

to

SID_LIST_LISTENER =
  (SID_LIST =
    (SID_DESC =
      (GLOBAL_DBNAME = mydb)
      (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/oracle/product/11204/) <-- Note the trailing slash character at the end of the ORACLE_HOME path
      (SID_NAME = mydb)
    )
  )

Reload the listener with lsnrctl reload, and the listener once again accepted connections from TOAD.

How to list partitions and their sizes

Using an inline view with a correlated subquery:

set lines 200
col partition_name format a40
SELECT P.PARTITION_NAME, (  SELECT ROUND(SUM(BYTES)/1024/1024/1024)
                            FROM DBA_SEGMENTS S
                            WHERE S.PARTITION_NAME = P.PARTITION_NAME
                            AND SEGMENT_NAME='&&TABLE_NAME') "size GB"
FROM DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS P
WHERE P.TABLE_NAME = '&&TABLE_NAME'
ORDER BY P.PARTITION_POSITION ASC;

Example output:

sqlplus / as sysdba @get_size.sql
Enter value for table_name: ARCHIVED_DOCUMENTS


PARTITION_NAME                      size GB
------------------------------   ----------
DOKARCHIVE1                           2.875
DOKARCHIVE2                               3
DOKARCHIVE3                               3
DOKARCHIVE4                               3
DOKARCHIVE5                               3
DOKARCHIVE6                          2.8125
DOKARCHIVE7                            2.75

Or, limit the output to specific partitions:

select s.partition_name,s.tablespace_name, p.compression,p.num_rows,Round(sum(s.bytes)/1024/1024/1024,1) "GB"
from dba_segments S join dba_tab_partitions p
on (s.partition_name = p.partition_name)
where s.segment_name='SALES_ARCHIVE'
and   s.owner='SH'
and s.partition_name in ( 'P_2015_01','P_2016_01','P_2017_01')
group by s.partition_name,s.tablespace_name,p.compression,p.num_rows
order by 1;

Example output:

PARTITION_NAME	TABLESPACE_NAME	COMPRESSION	NUM_ROWS	GB
P_2015_01	SALES_2015	ENABLED	22077874	2,3
P_2016_01	SALES_2016	ENABLED	394694450	42,3
P_2017_01	SALES_2017	ENABLED	481708328	48,9

If your partitions involve lob columns, make sure you fetch the sizes of the lob partitions, too.

How to list table sizes and their LOB segment sizes

Sometimes a quick sum of the used bytes in DBA_SEGMENTS is not enough to find the total size of a table.
If you have Large Object type columns defined in the table, the total table size can potentially be far greater than what you'd think.

Let's look at an example.

I have two tables in two differen schemas, with the same name. The tables are identical, and they both contain a LOB column:

SQL> desc livedocs.documents
 Name                                      Null?    Type
 ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
 ID                                        NOT NULL NUMBER(19)
 VERSION                                            NUMBER(19)
 DOC_ID                                             NOT NULL NUMBER(19)
 TYPE                                               NOT NULL VARCHAR2(255 CHAR)
 NUM_PAGES                                          NUMBER(15)
 CREATED                                            TIMESTAMP(6)
 LAST_CHANGED                                       TIMESTAMP(6)
 CONTENTS                                           NOT NULL BLOB

Check the tables' sizes:

SELECT OWNER,SEGMENT_NAME,SUM(BYTES)/1024/1024/1024 "table size (GB)" 
FROM DBA_SEGMENTS 
WHERE SEGMENT_NAME IN ('DOCUMENTS') 
AND OWNER IN ('LIVEDOCS','ARCHIVEDDOCS')
GROUP BY OWNER,SEGMENT_NAME;

Result:

OWNER	SEGMENT_NAME	table size (GB)
LIVEDOCS	DOCUMENTS	2,5
ARCHIVEDDOCS	DOCUMENTS	1,875

Let's find the name of the LOB segments and their corresponding indexes:
(The LOB indexes are internal data structures only. See this post.)

SELECT OWNER,TABLE_NAME,SEGMENT_NAME,COLUMN_NAME,INDEX_NAME 
FROM DBA_LOBS 
WHERE TABLE_NAME='DOCUMENTS' 
AND OWNER IN ('LIVEDOCS','ARCHIVEDDOCS');

OWNER	TABLE_NAME	SEGMENT_NAME	COLUMN_NAME	INDEX_NAME
ARCHIVEDDOCS	DOCUMENTS	ARCHIVED_DOCS_LOB	CONTENT	SYS_IL0000123181C00008$$
LIVEDOCS	DOCUMENTS	LIVE_DOCS_LOB	CONTENT	SYS_IL0000194213C00009$$

How much space have been allocated to these LOB segments?

SELECT OWNER,SEGMENT_NAME,ROUND(SUM(BYTES)/1024/1024/1024) "LOB size (GB)" 
FROM DBA_SEGMENTS
WHERE SEGMENT_NAME IN 
    (
    SELECT SEGMENT_NAME 
    FROM DBA_LOBS WHERE TABLE_NAME='DOCUMENTS'
    AND OWNER IN ('LIVEDOCS','ARCHIVEDDOCS')
    )
GROUP BY OWNER,SEGMENT_NAME 
; 

OWNER	SEGMENT_NAME	LOB size (GB)
LIVEDOCS	LIVE_DOCS_LOB	1256
ARCHIVEDDOCS	ARCHIVED_DOCS_LOB	3642

Putting it together, you can list both the table and its dependent LOB segments like this:

SELECT S.OWNER "Owner",NVL(S.SEGMENT_NAME, 'TABLE TOTAL SIZE') "Segment name",ROUND(SUM(S.BYTES)/1024/1024/1024,1) "Segment size (GB)"
FROM  DBA_SEGMENTS S 
WHERE S.SEGMENT_NAME IN ('DOCUMENTS')
AND   S.OWNER IN ('LIVEDOCS','ARCHIVEDOCS')
OR    S.SEGMENT_NAME IN (
                    (
                        SELECT L.SEGMENT_NAME FROM DBA_LOBS L 
                        WHERE L.TABLE_NAME = 'DOCUMENTS' 
                        AND L.OWNER = S.OWNER 
                        AND L.OWNER in ('LIVEDOCS','ARCHIVEDOCS')
                    )
)
GROUP BY S.OWNER,ROLLUP(S.SEGMENT_NAME)
ORDER BY 1,2,3; 

The resulting listing is:

Owner	Segment name	Segment size (GB)
ARCHIVEDDOCS	ARCHIVED_DOCS_LOB	3642,4
ARCHIVEDDOCS	DOCUMENTS	1,9
ARCHIVEDDOCS	TABLE TOTAL SIZE	3644,3
LIVEDOCS	DOCUMENTS	2,5
LIVEDOCS	LIVE_DOCS_LOB	1255,9
LIVEDOCS	TABLE TOTAL SIZE	1258,4

How to add minutes, seconds, hours or days to a datetime value

Simply add the desired interval to your timestamp value:

select current_timestamp,
       current_timestamp + interval '3' minute "current_timestamp+3min" 
from dual;


CURRENT_TIMESTAMP                                 current_timestamp+3min
----------------------------------------          ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
24.08.2016 19.44.32,808781 +2:00                  24.08.2016 19.47.32,808781000 +2:00

There are numerous possibilities to add very granular time intervals to an existing datetime value.

Check the examples of Interval literals in the official documentation.

Example on how to use WITH CHECK OPTION in an INSERT statement

The table "ALBUM" has the following columns:

Name         Null     Type                        
------------ -------- --------------------------- 
ALBUM_ID     NOT NULL NUMBER                      
ALBUM_TITLE  NOT NULL VARCHAR2(50 CHAR)           
ARTIST_ID             NUMBER                      
RELEASE_DATE          TIMESTAMP(6) WITH TIME ZONE 
GENRE                 VARCHAR2(30)                
NUM_SOLD              NUMBER                      
COLLECTION            CHAR(1)        

Extract all albums by the band Kiss:

SELECT ARTIST_ID, ALBUM_TITLE
 FROM ALBUM
 WHERE ARTIST_ID = (SELECT ARTIST_ID FROM ARTIST WHERE ARTIST_NAME='Kiss');

 ARTIST_ID ALBUM_TITLE                                      
---------- ------------
        13 Dynasty            

Add another entry to the "ALBUM" table:

SQL> INSERT INTO
  2  (
  3   SELECT album_id, album_title, artist_id,release_date, genre, num_sold
  4   FROM album
  5   WHERE num_sold BETWEEN 10000 AND 50000
  6   AND artist_id=13 WITH CHECK OPTION
  7   )
  8   VALUES( album_seq.nextval, '&album_title', &artist_id, to_date('&release_date','dd.mm.yyyy'), 'HARD ROCK', 20000 );
Enter value for album_title: Love Gun
Enter value for artist_id: 13
Enter value for release_date: 30.06.1977
old   8:  VALUES( album_seq.nextval, '&album_title', &artist_id, to_date('&release_date','dd.mm.yyyy'), 'HARD ROCK', 20000 )
new   8:  VALUES( album_seq.nextval, 'Love Gun', 13, to_date('30.06.1977','dd.mm.yyyy'), 'HARD ROCK', 20000 )

1 row inserted.

COMMIT;

Run the SELECT above once more to confirm the row has been entred:

ARTIST_ID ALBUM_TITLE                                      
---------- -----------------------
        13 Love Gun                             
        13 Dynasty            

Any attempt to enter values that is not included in the subquery would cause an

ORA-01402: view WITH CHECK OPTION where-clause violation

to be raised.
For example, try entering 15 as the artist_id:

Enter value for album_title: Creatures of the Night
Enter value for artist_id: 15
Enter value for release_date: 13.10.1982
old   8:  VALUES( album_seq.nextval, '&album_title', &artist_id, to_date('&release_date','dd.mm.yyyy'), 'HARD ROCK', 20000 )
new   8:  VALUES( album_seq.nextval, 'Creatures of the Night', 15, to_date('13.10.1982','dd.mm.yyyy'), 'HARD ROCK', 20000 )
 VALUES( album_seq.nextval, 'Creatures of the Night', 15, to_date('13.10.1982','dd.mm.yyyy'), 'HARD ROCK', 20000 )
         *
ERROR at line 8:
ORA-01402: view WITH CHECK OPTION where-clause violation

Note that the subquery, when used in an INSERT statement as above, replaces the table name, as well as the column list.

Source: Oracle documentation